GUIDELINES [ back to index ]
References
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Most quoted papers have been graded according to the following three
levels of evidence: |
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Evidence level A: |
- Meta-analysis of several randomised controlled trials - Randomised controlled trials |
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Evidence level B: |
- Controlled study without randomisation - Experimental study - Comparative study, correlation study, case study |
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Evidence level C: |
- Expert report - Opinion or clinical experience of respected authorities |
References – 1. Starting Management of Vascular Access [back]
1. Bonucchi D, Cappelli G, Albertazzi A. Which is the preferred vascular access in diabetic patients? A view from Europe. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17:20-22 (evidence level: C)
2. Konner K. Venous Preservation. Blood Purif 2002; 19:115 (evidence level: C)
3. Schwab SJ, Quarles LD, Middleton JP, Cohan RH, Saeed M, Dennis VW. Hemodialysis-associated subclavian vein stenosis. Kidney Int 1988; 33:1156-1159 (evidence level: B)
4. Van Biesen W, Vanholder RC, Veys N, Dhondt A, Lameire NH. An evaluation of an integrative care approach for end-stage renal disease patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2000; 11:116-125 (evidence level: B)
5. Jungers P, Massy ZA, Nguyen-Khoa T, Choukroun G, Robino C, Fakhouri F, Touam M, Nguyen AT, Grunfeld JP. Longer duration of predialysis nephrological care is associated with improved long-term survival of dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16:2357-2364 (evidence level: B)
6. Besarab A, Adams M, Amatucci S, Bowe D, Deane J, Ketchen K, Reynolds K, Tello A. Unraveling the realities of vascular access: the Network 11 experience. Adv Ren Replace Ther 2000; 7:S65-S70 (evidence level: B)
7. Beckingham IJ, O'Rourke JS, Bishop MC, Blamey RW. Are backup arteriovenous fistulae necessary for patients on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis? Lancet 1993; 341:1384-1386 (evidence level: B)
8. Mujais S, Nolph K, Gokal R, Blake P, Burkart J, Coles G, Kawaguchi Y, Kawanishi H, Korbet S, Krediet R, Lindholm B, Oreopoulos D, Rippe B, Selgas R. Evaluation and management of ultrafiltration problems in peritoneal dialysis. International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis Ad Hoc Committee on Ultrafiltration Management in Peritoneal Dialysis. Perit Dial Int 2000; 20 Suppl 4:S5-21 (evidence level: C)
References – 2. Patient with Acute Need for Dialysis Access [back]
1. Schwab SJ and Beathard G. The hemodialysis catheter conundrum: hate living with them, but can't live without them. Kidney Int 1999; 56:1-17 (evidence level: C)
2.Oliver MJ. Acute dialysis catheters. Semin Dial 2001; 14:432-435 (evidence level: C)
3. Kirkpatrick WG, Culpepper RM, Sirmon MD. Frequency of complications with prolonged femoral vein catheterization for hemodialysis access. Nephron 1996; 73: 58-62
4. Al Wakeel JS, Milwalli AH, Malik GH, Huraib S, Al-Mohaya S, Abu-Aisha H,
Memon N. Dual-lumen femoral vein catheterization as vascular access for hemodialysis--a prospective study. Angiology 1998; 49: 557-562
5. Oliver MJ, Callery SM, Thorpe KE, Schwab SJ, Churchill DN. Risk of bacteremia from temporary hemodialysis catheters by site of insertion and duration of use: a prospective study. Kidney Int 2000; 58: 2543-2545
6. Kimata N, Nitta K, Akiba T, Tominaga K, Suzuki K, Watanabe Y, Haga T,
Kawashima A, Miwa N, Nishida E, Aoki T, Nihei H.. Catheter dysfunction and thrombosis of double-lumen hemodialysis catheters placed in the femoral vein. Clin Nephrol 2002; 58: 215-219
7. Depner TA, Rizwan S, Stasi TA. Pressure effects on roller pump blood flow during hemodialysis. ASAIO Trans 1990; 36:M456-M459 (evidence level: B)
8.Trerotola SO, Johnson MS, Harris VJ, Shah H, Ambrosius WT, McKusky MA, Kraus MA. Outcome of tunneled hemodialysis catheters placed via the right internal jugular vein by interventional radiologists. Radiology 1997; 203:489-495 (evidence level: B)
9. Marr KA, Sexton DJ, Conlon PJ, Corey GR, Schwab SJ, Kirkland KB. Catheter-related bacteremia and outcome of attempted catheter salvage in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Ann Intern Med 1997; 127:275-280 (evidence level: B)
10. Saad TF. Bacteremia associated with tunneled, cuffed hemodialysis catheters. Am J Kidney Dis 1999; 34:1114-1124 (evidence level: B)
References – 3. Clinical Evaluation of Access Site [back]
1. Miller PE, Tolwani A, Luscy CP, Deierhoi MH, Bailey R, Redden DT, Allon M. Predictors of adequacy of arteriovenous fistulas in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 1999; 56:275-280 (evidence level: B)
2. Konner K. Increasing the proportion of diabetics with AV fistulas. Semin Dial 2001; 14:1-4 (evidence level: C)
3. Konner K. Primary vascular access in diabetic patients: an audit. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000; 15:1317-1325 (evidence level: B)
4. Lazarides MK, Georgiadis GS, Tzilalis VD. Diabetes should not preclude efforts for creation of a primary radiocephalic fistula. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17:1852-1854
5. Sedlacek M, Teodorescu V, Falk A, Vassalotti JA, Uribarri J. Hemodialysis access placement with preoperative noninvasive vascular mapping: comparison between patients with and without diabetes. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 38:560-564
6. Allon M, Lockhart ME, Lilly RZ, Gallichio MH, Young CJ, Barker J, Deierhoi MH, Robbin ML. Effect of preoperative sonographic mapping on vascular access outcomes in hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2001; 60:2013-2020 (evidence level: B)
7. Konner K and Vorwerk D. Permanent pacemaker wires causing subclavian vein stenosis in presence of AV fistula is it ever wrong to try angioplasty and stenting? Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997; 12:1735-1738 (evidence level: B)
8. Schillinger F, Schillinger D, Montagnac R, Milcent T. Post catheterisation vein stenosis in haemodialysis: comparative angiographic study of 50 subclavian and 50 internal jugular accesses. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1991; 6:722-724 (evidence level: B)
9. Konner K. When insufficient arterial inflow becomes the Achilles heel of the av-fistula - what are the surgical approaches? Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000; 15:145-147 (evidence level: C)
10. Malovrh M. Non-invasive evaluation of vessels by duplex sonography prior to construction of arteriovenous fistulas for haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13:125-129 (evidence level: B)
11. Sidawy AN, Gray R, Besarab A, Henry M, Ascher E, Silva M, Jr., Miller A, Scher L, Trerotola S, Gregory RT, Rutherford RB, Kent KC. Recommended standards for reports dealing with arteriovenous hemodialysis accesses. J Vasc Surg 2002; 35:603-610 (evidence level: C)
12. Silva MB, Jr., Hobson RW, Pappas PJ, Jamil Z, Araki CT, Goldberg MC, Gwertzman G, Padberg FT, Jr. A strategy for increasing use of autogenous hemodialysis access procedures: impact of preoperative noninvasive evaluation. J Vasc Surg 1998; 27:302-307 (evidence level: B)
References – 4. Placement of Forearm A/V Fistula [back]
1. Konner K. Primary vascular access in diabetic patients: an audit. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000; 15:1317-1325 (evidence level: B)
2. Konner K. Increasing the proportion of diabetics with AV fistulas. Semin Dial 2001; 14:1-4 (evidence level: C)
3. Konner K, Hulbert-Shearon TE, Roys EC, Port FK. Tailoring the initial vascular access for dialysis patients. Kidney Int 2002; 62:329-338
4. Erasmi H, Horscch S., Schmidt R, Pichlmaier. Complications of arteriovenous fistulas and surgical intervention. Lancester MTP Press Limited 1984; 163-167 (evidence level: B)
5. Tordoir JH, Kwan TS, Herman JM, Carol EJ, Jakimowicz JJ. Primary and secondary access surgery for haemodialysis with the Brescia-Cimino fistula and the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft. Neth J Surg 1983; 35:8-12 (evidence level: B)
6. Louridas G, Botha JR, Levien L, Milne FJ, Meyers AM, Myburgh JA. Vascular access for haemodialysis-experience at Johannesburg Hospital. S Afr Med J 1984; 66:637-640 (evidence level: B)
7. Wedgwood KR, Wiggins PA, Guillou PJ. A prospective study of end-to-side vs. side-to-side arteriovenous fistulas for haemodialysis. Br J Surg 1984; 71:640-642 (evidence level: A)
8. Palder SB, Kirkman RL, Whittemore AD, Hakim RM, Lazarus JM, Tilney NL. Vascular access for hemodialysis. Patency rates and results of revision. Ann Surg 1985; 202:235-239 (evidence level: B)
9. Kherlakian GM, Roedersheimer LR, Arbaugh JJ, Newmark KJ, King LR. Comparison of autogenous fistula versus expanded polytetrafluoroethylene graft fistula for angioaccess in hemodialysis. Am J Surg 1986; 152:238-243 (evidence level: B)
10. Mihmanli I, Besirli K, Kurugoglu S, Atakir K, Haider S, Ogut G, Numan F, Canturk E, Sayin AG. Cephalic vein and hemodialysis fistula: surgeon's observation versus color Doppler ultrasonographic findings. J Ultrasound Med 2001; 20:217-222 (evidence level: A)
11. Silva MB, Jr., Hobson RW, Pappas PJ, Jamil Z, Araki CT, Goldberg MC, Gwertzman G, Padberg FT, Jr. A strategy for increasing use of autogenous hemodialysis access procedures: impact of preoperative noninvasive evaluation. J Vasc Surg 1998; 27:302-307 (evidence level: B)
12. Malovrh M. Non-invasive evaluation of vessels by duplex sonography prior to construction of arteriovenous fistulas for haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13:125-129 (evidence level: B)
13. Robbin ML, Gallichio MH, Deierhoi MH, Young CJ, Weber TM, Allon M. US vascular mapping before hemodialysis access placement. Radiology 2000; 217:83-88 (evidence level: B)
14. Lemson MS, Leunissen KM, Tordoir JH. Does pre-operative duplex examination improve patency rates of Brescia-Cimino fistulas? Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13:1360-1361 (evidence level: C)
15. Wladis AR, Mesh CL, White J, Zenni GC, Fischer DB, Arbaugh JJ. Improving longevity of prosthetic dialysis grafts in patients with disadvantaged venous outflow. J Vasc Surg 2000; 32:997-1005 (evidence level: B)
16. Yerdel MA, Kesenci M, Yazicioglu KM, Doseyen Z, Turkcapar AG, Anadol E. Effect of haemodynamic variables on surgically created arteriovenous fistula flow. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997; 12:1684-1688 (evidence level: B)
17. Beathard GA, Settle SM, Shields MW. Salvage of the nonfunctioning arteriovenous fistula. Am J Kidney Dis. 1999; 33: 910-916
18. Turmel-Rodrigues L, Mouton A, Birmele B, Billaux L, Ammar N, Grezard O, Hauss S, Pengloan J.
Salvage of immature forearm fistulas for haemodialysis by interventional radiology. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2001; 16: 2365-2371
19. Wittenberg G, Schindler T, Tschammler A, Kenn W, Hahn D. [Value of color-coded duplex ultrasound in evaluating arm blood vessels-arteries and hemodialysis shunts]. Ultraschall Med 1998; 19:22-27
20. Malovrh M. Native arteriovenous fistula: preoperative evaluation. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39:1218-1225
21. Wong V, Ward R, Taylor J, Selvakumar S, How TV, Bakran A. Factors associated with early failure of arteriovenous fistulae for haemodialysis access. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1996; 12:207-213 (evidence level: B)
22. Sidawy AN, Gray R, Besarab A, Henry M, Ascher E, Silva M, Jr., Miller A, Scher L, Trerotola S, Gregory RT, Rutherford RB, Kent KC. Recommended standards for reports dealing with arteriovenous hemodialysis accesses. J Vasc Surg 2002; 35:603-610
23. Ascher E, Gade P, Hingorani A, Mazzariol F, Gunduz Y, Fodera M, Yorkovich W. Changes in the practice of angioaccess surgery: impact of dialysis outcome and quality initiative recommendations. J Vasc Surg 2000; 31:84-92 (evidence level: B)
24. Bagolan P, Spagnoli A, Ciprandi G, Picca S, Leozappa G, Nahom A, Trucchi A, Rizzoni G, Fabbrini G. A ten-year experience of Brescia-Cimino arteriovenous fistula in children: technical evolution and refinements. J Vasc Surg 1998; 27:640-644 (evidence level: B)
25. Bourquelot P, Cussenot O, Corbi P, Pillion G, Gagnadoux MF, Bensman A, Loirat C, Broyer M. Microsurgical creation and follow-up of arteriovenous fistulae for chronic haemodialysis in children. Pediatr Nephrol 1990; 4:156-159 (evidence level: B)
26. Rieger J, Sitter T, Toepfer M, Linsenmaier U, Pfeifer KJ, Schiffl H. Gadolinium as an alternative contrast agent for diagnostic and interventional angiographic procedures in patients with impaired renal function. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17:824-828
27. Geoffroy O, Tassart M, Le Blanche AF, Khalil A, Duedal V, Rossert J, Bigot JM, Boudghene FP. Upper extremity digital subtraction venography with gadoterate meglumine before fistula creation for hemodialysis. Kidney Int 2001; 59:1491-1497 (evidence level: B)
28. Nyman U, Elmstahl B, Leander P, Nilsson M, Golman K, Almen T. Are gadolinium-based contrast media really safer than iodinated media for digital subtraction angiography in patients with azotemia? Radiology 2002; 223:311-318 (evidence level: C)
29. Menegazzo D, Laissy JP, Durrbach A, Debray MP, Messin B, Delmas V, Mignon F, Schouman-Claeys E. Hemodialysis access fistula creation: preoperative assessment with MR venography and comparison with conventional venography. Radiology 1998; 209:723-728 (evidence level: B)
30. Turmel-Rodrigues L., Bourquelot P, Raynaud A., Beyssen B. Hemodialysis fistula: preoperative MR venography. A promising but partial view. Radiology 2000; 211:302 (evidence level: C)
31. Rodriguez JA, Armadans L, Ferrer E, Olmos A, Codina S, Bartolome J, Borrellas J, Piera L. The function of permanent vascular access. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000; 15:402-408
32. Turmel-Rodrigues L, Raynaud A, Louail B, Beyssen B, Sapoval M. Manual catheter-directed aspiration and other thrombectomy techniques for declotting native fistulas for hemodialysis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001; 12:1365-1371 (evidence level: C)
33. Gundry SR, Jones M, Ishihara T, Ferrans VJ. Optimal preparation techniques for human saphenous vein grafts. Surgery 1980; 88:785-794
34. Schaeffer U, Tanner B, Strohschneider T, Stadtmuller A, Hannekum A. Damage to arterial and venous endothelial cells in bypass grafts induced by several solutions used in bypass surgery. Thorac.Cardiovasc.Surg. 1997; 45:168-171
35. Souza DS, Christofferson RH, Bomfim V, Filbey D. "No-touch" technique using saphenous vein harvested with its surrounding tissue for coronary artery bypass grafting maintains an intact endothelium. Scand.Cardiovasc.J 1999; 33:323-329
36. Sayers RD, Watt PA, Muller S, Bell PR, Thurston H. Structural and functional smooth muscle injury after surgical preparation of reversed and non-reversed (in situ) saphenous vein bypass grafts. Br.J Surg. 1991; 78:1256-1258
37. Kennedy JH, Lever MJ, Addis BJ, Paneth M. Changes in vein interstitium following distension for aortocoronary bypass. J Cardiovasc.Surg.(Torino) 1989; 30:992-995
38. Angelini GD, Breckenridge IM, Psaila JV, Williams HM, Henderson AH, Newby AC.
Preparation of human saphenous vein for coronary artery bypass grafting impairs its capacity to produce prostacyclin. Cardiovasc.Res. 1987; 21:28-33
39. Bush HL, Jr., Jakubowski JA, Curl GR, Deykin D, Nabseth DC. The natural history of endothelial structure and function in arterialized vein grafts. J Vasc Surg 1986; 3:204-215
40. Svendsen E, Dalen H, Moland J, Engedal H. A quantitative study of endothelial cell injury in aorto-coronary vein grafts. J Cardiovasc Surg (Torino) 1986; 27:65-71
41. Haudenschild C, Gould KE, Quist WC, LoGerfo FW. Protection of endothelium in vessel segments excised for grafting. Circulation 1981; 64:II101-II107
42. Anderson CB, Etheredge EE, Harter HR, Codd JE, Graff RJ, Newton WT. Blood flow measurements in arteriovenous dialysis fistulas. Surgery 1977; 81:459-461
43. Reilly DT, Wood RF, Bell PR. Arteriovenous fistulas for dialysis: blood flow, viscosity, and long- term patency. World J Surg 1982; 6:628-633 (evidence level: B)
44. Silva MB, Jr., Hobson RW, Pappas PJ, Haser PB, Araki CT, Goldberg MC, Jamil Z, Padberg FT, Jr. Vein transposition in the forearm for autogenous hemodialysis access. J Vasc Surg 1997; 26:981-986 (evidence level: B)
45. Konner K. The anastomosis of the arteriovenous fistula-common errors and their avoidance. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17:376-379 (evidence level: C)
References – 5. Placement of Elbow or Upper Arm A/V Fistula [back]
1. Konner K. Primary vascular access in diabetic patients: an audit. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000; 15:1317-1325 (evidence level: B)
2. Hakaim AG, Nalbandian M, Scott T. Superior maturation and patency of primary brachiocephalic and transposed basilic vein arteriovenous fistulae in patients with diabetes. J Vasc Surg 1998; 27:154-157 (evidence level: B)
3. Kinnaert P, Vereerstraeten P, Toussaint C, Van Geertruyden J. Nine years´experience with internal arteriovenous fistulas for haemodialysis: a study of some factors influencing the results. Br J Surg . 1977; 64: 242-246
4 . Rodriguez JA, Armadans L, Ferrer E, Olmos A, Codina S, Bartolome J, Borrellas J, Piera L.5. Dixon BS, Novak L, Fangman J. Hemodialysis vascular access survival: Upper-arm native arteriovenous fistula. Am J Kidney Dis 2002; 39:92-101 (evidence level: B)
6. Mihmanli I, Besirli K, Kurugoglu S, Atakir K, Haider S, Ogut G, Numan F, Canturk E, Sayin AG. Cephalic vein and hemodialysis fistula: surgeon's observation versus color Doppler ultrasonographic findings. J Ultrasound Med 2001; 20:217-222 (evidence level: A)
7. Rubens F and Wellington JL. Brachiocephalic fistula: a useful alternative for vascular access in chronic hemodialysis. Cardiovasc Surg 1993; 1:128-130 (evidence level: B)
8. Young PR, Jr., Rohr MS, Marterre WF, Jr. High-output cardiac failure secondary to a brachiocephalic arteriovenous hemodialysis fistula: two cases. Am Surg 1998; 64:239-241 (evidence level: B)
9. Schenk WG, III. Subclavian steal syndrome from high-output brachiocephalic arteriovenous fistula: a previously undescribed complication of dialysis access. J Vasc Surg 2001; 33:883-885 (evidence level: B)
10. Yerdel MA, Kesenci M, Yazicioglu KM, Doseyen Z, Turkcapar AG, Anadol E. Effect of haemodynamic variables on surgically created arteriovenous fistula flow. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1997; 12:1684-1688 (evidence level: B)
11. Ascher E, Gade P, Hingorani A, Mazzariol F, Gunduz Y, Fodera M, Yorkovich W. Changes in the practice of angioaccess surgery: impact of dialysis outcome and quality initiative recommendations. J Vasc Surg 2000; 31:84-92 (evidence level: B)
12. Dagher F, Gelber R, Ramos E, Sadler J. The use of basilic vein and brachial artery as an A-V fistula for long term hemodialysis. J Surg Res 1976; 20:373-376 (evidence level: B)
13. Elcheroth J, de Pauw L, Kinnaert P. Elbow arteriovenous fistulas for chronic haemodialysis. Br J Surg 1994; 81:982-984 (evidence level: B)
14. Rivers SP, Scher LA, Sheehan E, Lynn R, Veith FJ. Basilic vein transposition: an underused autologous alternative to prosthetic dialysis angioaccess. J Vasc Surg 1993; 18:391-396 (evidence level: B)
15. Hibberd AD. Brachiobasilic fistula with autogenous basilic vein: surgical technique and pilot study. Aust N Z J Surg 1991; 61:631-635 (evidence level: B)
16. Burkhart HM and Cikrit DF. Arteriovenous fistulae for hemodialysis. Semin Vasc Surg 1997; 10:162-165 (evidence level: C)
17. Oliver MJ, McCann RL, Indridason OS, Butterly DW, Schwab SJ. Comparison of transposed brachiobasilic fistulas to upper arm grafts and brachiocephalic fistulas. Kidney Int 2001; 60:1532-1539 (evidence level: B)
18. Murphy GJ, White SA, Knight AJ, Doughman T, Nicholson ML. Long-term results of arteriovenous fistulas using transposed autologous basilic vein. Br J Surg 2000; 87:819-823 (evidence level: B)
19. Polo JR, Vazquez R, Polo J, Sanabia J, Rueda JA, Lopez-Baena JA. Brachiocephalic jump graft fistula: an alternative for dialysis use of elbow crease veins. Am J Kidney Dis 1999; 33:904-909 (evidence level: B)
References – 6. Placement of Graft [back]
1. Tordoir JH, Kwan TS, Herman JM, Carol EJ, Jakimowicz JJ. Primary and secondary access surgery for haemodialysis with the Brescia- Cimino fistula and the polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) graft. Neth J Surg 1983; 35:8-12 (evidence level: B)
2. Fong IW, Capellan JM, Simbul M, Angel J. Infection of arterio-venous fistulas created for chronic haemodialysis. Scand J Infect Dis 1993; 25:215-220 (evidence level: B)
3. Nassar GM and Ayus JC. Infectious complications of the hemodialysis access. Kidney Int 2001; 60:1-13 (evidence level: C)
4. Ascher E, Gade P, Hingorani A, Mazzariol F, Gunduz Y, Fodera M, Yorkovich W. Changes in the practice of angioaccess surgery: impact of dialysis outcome and quality initiative recommendations. J Vasc Surg 2000; 31:84-92 (evidence level: B)
5. Turmel-Rodrigues L, Pengloan J, Baudin S, Testou D, Abaza M, Dahdah G, Mouton A, Blanchard D. Treatment of stenosis and thrombosis in haemodialysis fistulas and grafts by interventional radiology. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2000; 15:2029-2036 (evidence level: B)
6. Ruddle AC, Lear PA, Mitchell DC. The morbidity of secondary vascular access. A lifetime of intervention. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1999; 18:30-34 (evidence level: B)
7. Murray BM, Rajczak S, Ali B, Herman A, Mepani B. Assessment of access blood flow after preemptive angioplasty. Am J Kidney Dis 2001; 37:1029-1038 (evidence level: B)
8. Smits JH, van der Linden J, Hagen EC, Modderkolk-Cammeraat EC, Feith GW, Koomans HA, van den Dorpel MA, Blankestijn PJ. Graft surveillance: venous pressure, access flow, or the combination? Kidney Int 2001; 59:1551-1558 (evidence level: A)
9. Dhingra RK, Young EW, Hulbert-Shearon TE, Leavey SF, Port FK. Type of vascular access and mortality in U.S. hemodialysis patients. Kidney Int 2001; 60:1443-1451 (evidence level: B)
10. Staramos DN, Lazarides MK, Tzilalis VD, Ekonomou CS, Simopoulos CE, Dayantas JN. Patency of autologous and prosthetic arteriovenous fistulas in elderly patients. Eur J Surg 2000; 166:777-781 (evidence level: B)
11. Lemson MS, Tordoir JH, van Det RJ, Welten RJ, Burger H, Estourgie RJ, Stroecken HJ, Leunissen KM. Effects of a venous cuff at the venous anastomosis of polytetrafluoroethylene grafts for hemodialysis vascular access. J Vasc Surg 2000; 32:1155-1163 (evidence level: A)
12. Tordoir JH, Hofstra L, Leunissen KM, Kitslaar PJ. Early experience with stretch polytetrafluoroethylene grafts for haemodialysis access surgery: results of a prospective randomised study. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 1995; 9:305-309 (evidence level: A)
13. Silva MB, Jr., Hobson RW, Pappas PJ, Jamil Z, Araki CT, Goldberg MC, Gwertzman G, Padberg FT, Jr. A strategy for increasing use of autogenous hemodialysis access procedures: impact of preoperative noninvasive evaluation. J Vasc Surg 1998; 27:302-307 (evidence level: B)
14. Lazarides MK, Iatrou CE, Karanikas ID, Kaperonis NM, Petras DI, Zirogiannis PN, Dayantas JN. Factors affecting the lifespan of autologous and synthetic arteriovenous access routes for haemodialysis. Eur J Surg 1996; 162:297-301 (evidence level: B)
15. Dracon M, Watine O, Pruvot F, Noel C, Lelievre G. [Axillo-axillary access in hemodialysis]. Nephrologie 1994; 15:175-176 (evidence level: B)
16. Ono K, Muto Y, Yano K, Yukizane T. Anterior chest wall axillary artery to contralateral axillary vein graft for vascular access in hemodialysis. Artif Organs 1995; 19:1233-1236 (evidence level: B)
17. Polo JR, Sanabia J, Garcia-Sabrido JL, Luno J, Menarguez C, Echenagusia A. Brachial-jugular polytetrafluoroethylene fistulas for hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 1990; 16:465-468 (evidence level: B)
18. Vega D, Polo JR, Polo J, Lopez Baena JA, Pacheco D, Garcia-Pajares R. Brachial-jugular expanded PTFE grafts for dialysis. Ann Vasc Surg 2001; 15:553-556
19. Allon M, Bailey R, Ballard R, Deierhoi MH, Hamrick K, Oser R, Rhynes VK, Robbin ML, Saddekni S, Zeigler ST. A multidisciplinary approach to hemodialysis access: prospective evaluation. Kidney Int 1998; 53:473-479 (evidence level: B)
20. Polo JR, Tejedor A, Polo J, Sanabia J, Calleja J, Gomez F. Long-term follow-up of 6-8 mm brachioaxillary polytetrafluorethylene grafts for hemodialysis. Artif Organs 1995; 19:1181-1184 (evidence level B)
21. Barron PT, Wellington JL, Lorimer JW, Cole CW, Moher D. A comparison between expanded polytetrafluoroethylene and plasma tetrafluoroethylene grafts for hemodialysis access. Can J Surg 1993; 36:184-186 (evidence level: A-B)
22. Helling TS, Nelson PW, Shelton L. A prospective evaluation of plasma-TFE and expanded PTFE grafts for routine and early use as vascular access during hemodialysis. Ann Surg 1992; 216:596-599 (evidence level: A-B)
23. Nakagawa Y, Ota K, Sato Y, Teraoka S, Agishi T. Clinical trial of new polyurethane vascular grafts for hemodialysis: compared with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts. Artif Organs 1995; 19:1227-1232 (evidence level: B)
24. Lenz BJ, Veldenz HC, Dennis JW, Khansarinia S, Atteberry LR. A three-year follow-up on standard versus thin wall ePTFE grafts for hemodialysis. J Vasc Surg 1998; 28:464-470 (evidence level: A)
25. Zibari GB, Gadallah MF, Landreneau M, McMillan R, Bridges RM, Costley K, Work J, McDonald JC. Preoperative vancomycin prophylaxis decreases incidence of postoperative hemodialysis vascular access infections. Am J Kidney Dis 1997; 30:343-348 (evidence level: A)
26. Polo J. (personnel communication)
27. Korzets A, Ori Y, Baytner S, Zevin D, Chagnac A, Weinstein T, Herman M, Agmon M, Gafter U. The femoral artery-femoral vein polytetrafluoroethylene graft: a 14- year retrospective study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1998; 13:1215-1220 (evidence level: B)
28. Gradman WS, Cohen W, Haji-Aghaii M. Arteriovenous fistula construction in the thigh with transposed superficial femoral vein: our initial experience. J Vasc Surg 2001; 33:968-975 (evidence level: B)
References – 7. Placement and Routine Management of Tunneled Catheter [back]
1. Canaud B, My H, Morena M, Lamy-Lacavalerie B, Leray-Moragues H, Bosc JY, Flavier JL, Chomel PY, Polaschegg HD, Prosl FR, Megerman J. Dialock: a new vascular access device for extracorporeal renal replacement therapy. Preliminary clinical results. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1999; 14:692-698 (evidence level: B)
2. Kessler M, Canaud B, Pedrini MT, Tattersall JE, ter Wee PM, Vanholder R, Wanner C. European Best Practice Guidelines for Haemodialysis (Part 1). Nephrol Dial Transplant 2002; 17 (Suppl. 7)
3. Work J. Chronic catheter placement. Semin Dial 2001; 14:436-440 (evidence level: C)
4. Oliver MJ. Acute dialysis catheters. Semin Dial 2001; 14:432-435 (evidence level: C)
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8. Bosman PJ, Boereboom FT, Eikelboom BC, Koomans HA, Blankestijn PJ. Graft flow as a predictor of thrombosis in hemodialysis grafts. Kidney Int 1998; 54:1726-1730 (evidence level: B)
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